PostgreSQL - Python 接口

  • 安装

    PostgreSQL 可以使用 psycopg2 模块与 Python 集成。sycopg2 是 Python 编程语言的 PostgreSQL 数据库适配器。psycopg2 的目标是非常小、快、稳定。您不需要单独安装此模块,因为默认情况下,它与 Python 2.5.x 及更高版本一起提供。
    如果您的机器上没有安装它,那么您可以使用 yum 命令安装它,如下所示 -
    
    $yum install python-psycopg2
    
    要使用 psycopg2 模块,您必须首先创建一个代表数据库的 Connection 对象,然后您可以选择创建游标对象,这将帮助您执行所有 SQL 语句。
  • Python psycopg2 模块 API

    以下是重要的 psycopg2 模块例程,可以满足您在 Python 程序中使用 PostgreSQL 数据库的要求。如果您正在寻找更复杂的应用程序,那么您可以查看 Python psycopg2 模块的官方文档。
    序号 API & 描述
    1
    psycopg2.connect(database="testdb", user="postgres", password="cohondob", host="127.0.0.1", port="5432")
    此 API 打开与 PostgreSQL 数据库的连接。如果数据库打开成功,它会返回一个连接对象。
    2
    connection.cursor()
    该例程创建一个cursor它将在您使用 Python 进行数据库编程的整个过程中使用。
    3
    cursor.execute(sql [, optional parameters])
    该例程执行一条 SQL 语句。SQL 语句可以参数化(即,占位符而不是 SQL 文字)。psycopg2 模块支持使用 %s 符号的占位符
    例如:cursor.execute("insert into people values (%s, %s)", (who, age))
    4
    cursor.executemany(sql, seq_of_parameters)
    此例程针对在序列 sql 中找到的所有参数序列或映射执行 SQL 命令。
    5
    cursor.callproc(procname[, parameters])
    此例程执行具有给定名称的存储数据库过程。对于过程期望的每个参数,参数序列必须包含一个条目。
    6
    cursor.rowcount
    此只读属性返回最后一次执行 *() 修改、插入或删除的数据库行总数。
    7
    connection.commit()
    此方法提交当前事务。如果您不调用此方法,那么自上次调用 commit() 以来您所做的任何事情都不会从其他数据库连接中看到。
    8
    connection.rollback()
    此方法回滚自上次调用 commit() 以来对数据库的任何更改。
    9
    connection.close()
    此方法关闭数据库连接。请注意,这不会自动调用 commit()。如果您只是关闭数据库连接而不先调用 commit(),您的更改将会丢失!
    10
    cursor.fetchone()
    此方法获取查询结果集的下一行,返回单个序列,或者当没有更多数据可用时返回 None。
    11
    cursor.fetchmany([size=cursor.arraysize])
    该例程获取查询结果的下一组行,并返回一个列表。当没有更多行可用时,将返回一个空列表。该方法尝试获取 size 参数所指示的行数。
    12
    cursor.fetchall()
    此例程获取查询结果的所有(剩余)行,并返回一个列表。当没有行可用时返回一个空列表。
  • 连接到数据库

    以下 Python 代码显示了如何连接到现有数据库。如果数据库不存在,则创建它,最后返回一个数据库对象。
    
    #!/usr/bin/python
    import psycopg2
    conn = psycopg2.connect(database="testdb", user = "postgres", password = "pass123", host = "127.0.0.1", port = "5432")
    print "Opened database successfully"
    
    在这里,您还可以提供数据库testdb作为名称,如果数据库成功打开,那么它将给出以下消息 -
    
    Open database successfully
    
  • 创建表

    以下 Python 程序将用于在先前创建的数据库中创建表 -
    
    #!/usr/bin/python
    import psycopg2
    conn = psycopg2.connect(database = "testdb", user = "postgres", password = "pass123", host = "127.0.0.1", port = "5432")
    print "Opened database successfully"
    cur = conn.cursor()
    cur.execute('''CREATE TABLE COMPANY
          (ID INT PRIMARY KEY     NOT NULL,
          NAME           TEXT    NOT NULL,
          AGE            INT     NOT NULL,
          ADDRESS        CHAR(50),
          SALARY         REAL);''')
    print "Table created successfully"
    conn.commit()
    conn.close()
    
    执行上述给定程序时,它将在您的test.db它将显示以下消息 -
    
    Opened database successfully
    Table created successfully
    
  • 插入操作

    以下 Python 程序显示了我们如何在上面示例中创建的 COMPANY 表中创建记录 -
    
    #!/usr/bin/python
    import psycopg2
    conn = psycopg2.connect(database = "testdb", user = "postgres", password = "pass123", host = "127.0.0.1", port = "5432")
    print "Opened database successfully"
    cur = conn.cursor()
    cur.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) \
          VALUES (1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.00 )");
    cur.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) \
          VALUES (2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 )");
    cur.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) \
          VALUES (3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 )");
    cur.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) \
          VALUES (4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 )");
    conn.commit()
    print "Records created successfully";
    conn.close()
    
    执行上述给定程序时,它将在 COMPANY 表中创建给定记录,并将显示以下两行 -
    
    Opened database successfully
    Records created successfully
    
  • 选择操作

    以下 Python 程序显示了我们如何从上面示例中创建的 COMPANY 表中获取和显示记录 -
    
    #!/usr/bin/python
    import psycopg2
    conn = psycopg2.connect(database = "testdb", user = "postgres", password = "pass123", host = "127.0.0.1", port = "5432")
    print "Opened database successfully"
    cur = conn.cursor()
    cur.execute("SELECT id, name, address, salary  from COMPANY")
    rows = cur.fetchall()
    for row in rows:
       print "ID = ", row[0]
       print "NAME = ", row[1]
       print "ADDRESS = ", row[2]
       print "SALARY = ", row[3], "\n"
    print "Operation done successfully";
    conn.close()
    
    执行上述给定程序时,它将产生以下结果 -
    
    Opened database successfully
    ID =  1
    NAME =  Paul
    ADDRESS =  California
    SALARY =  20000.0
    ID =  2
    NAME =  Allen
    ADDRESS =  Texas
    SALARY =  15000.0
    ID =  3
    NAME =  Teddy
    ADDRESS =  Norway
    SALARY =  20000.0
    ID =  4
    NAME =  Mark
    ADDRESS =  Rich-Mond
    SALARY =  65000.0
    Operation done successfully
    
  • 更新操作

    以下 Python 代码显示了我们如何使用 UPDATE 语句更新任何记录,然后从我们的 COMPANY 表中获取并显示更新的记录 -
    
    #!/usr/bin/python
    import psycopg2
    conn = psycopg2.connect(database = "testdb", user = "postgres", password = "pass123", host = "127.0.0.1", port = "5432")
    print "Opened database successfully"
    cur = conn.cursor()
    cur.execute("UPDATE COMPANY set SALARY = 25000.00 where ID = 1")
    conn.commit()
    print "Total number of rows updated :", cur.rowcount
    cur.execute("SELECT id, name, address, salary  from COMPANY")
    rows = cur.fetchall()
    for row in rows:
       print "ID = ", row[0]
       print "NAME = ", row[1]
       print "ADDRESS = ", row[2]
       print "SALARY = ", row[3], "\n"
    print "Operation done successfully";
    conn.close()
    
    执行上述给定程序时,它将产生以下结果 -
    
    Opened database successfully
    Total number of rows updated : 1
    ID =  1
    NAME =  Paul
    ADDRESS =  California
    SALARY =  25000.0
    ID =  2
    NAME =  Allen
    ADDRESS =  Texas
    SALARY =  15000.0
    ID =  3
    NAME =  Teddy
    ADDRESS =  Norway
    SALARY =  20000.0
    ID =  4
    NAME =  Mark
    ADDRESS =  Rich-Mond
    SALARY =  65000.0
    Operation done successfully
    
  • 删除操作

    以下 Python 代码显示了我们如何使用 DELETE 语句删除任何记录,然后从我们的 COMPANY 表中获取并显示剩余的记录 -
    
    #!/usr/bin/python
    import psycopg2
    conn = psycopg2.connect(database = "testdb", user = "postgres", password = "pass123", host = "127.0.0.1", port = "5432")
    print "Opened database successfully"
    cur = conn.cursor()
    cur.execute("DELETE from COMPANY where ID=2;")
    conn.commit()
    print "Total number of rows deleted :", cur.rowcount
    cur.execute("SELECT id, name, address, salary  from COMPANY")
    rows = cur.fetchall()
    for row in rows:
       print "ID = ", row[0]
       print "NAME = ", row[1]
       print "ADDRESS = ", row[2]
       print "SALARY = ", row[3], "\n"
    print "Operation done successfully";
    conn.close()
    
    执行上述给定程序时,它将产生以下结果 -
    
    Opened database successfully
    Total number of rows deleted : 1
    ID =  1
    NAME =  Paul
    ADDRESS =  California
    SALARY =  20000.0
    ID =  3
    NAME =  Teddy
    ADDRESS =  Norway
    SALARY =  20000.0
    ID =  4
    NAME =  Mark
    ADDRESS =  Rich-Mond
    SALARY =  65000.0
    Operation done successfully